Its embedded sensors, processors, and actuators can be designed to detect and interact with environments. We found that CPS is suitable for monitoring water quality due to a good combination of physical and computational algorithms. Recent methods of water quality monitoring techniques are also reviewed to study any loopholes in modern methods. Conventional and modern methods are compared in terms of parameters, complexity, and reliability. In this review, water quality monitoring systems and process control in several countries, such as New Zealand, China, Serbia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India, are discussed. The methods include the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual sensing, cyber-physical system (CPS), and optical techniques. The objective of the review is to study various conventional and modern methods of monitoring water quality to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. Water quality should be monitored to alert authorities on water pollution, so that action can be taken quickly. Nowadays, water pollution has become a global issue affecting most countries in the world.
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